serialize.h

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// Copyright (c) 2009-2010 Satoshi Nakamoto
// Copyright (c) 2009-present The Bitcoin Core developers
// Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
// file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.
 
#ifndef BITCOIN_SERIALIZE_H
#define BITCOIN_SERIALIZE_H
 
#include <attributes.h>
#include <compat/assumptions.h> // IWYU pragma: keep
#include <compat/endian.h>
#include <prevector.h>
#include <span.h>
 
#include <algorithm>
#include <concepts>
#include <cstdint>
#include <cstring>
#include <ios>
#include <limits>
#include <map>
#include <memory>
#include <set>
#include <string>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>
 
static constexpr uint64_t MAX_SIZE = 0x02000000;
 
static const unsigned int MAX_VECTOR_ALLOCATE = 5000000;
 
struct deserialize_type {};
constexpr deserialize_type deserialize {};
 
/*
 * Lowest-level serialization and conversion.
 */
template<typename Stream> inline void ser_writedata8(Stream &s, uint8_t obj)
{
    s.write(std::as_bytes(std::span{&obj, 1}));
}
template<typename Stream> inline void ser_writedata16(Stream &s, uint16_t obj)
{
    obj = htole16_internal(obj);
    s.write(std::as_bytes(std::span{&obj, 1}));
}
template<typename Stream> inline void ser_writedata16be(Stream &s, uint16_t obj)
{
    obj = htobe16_internal(obj);
    s.write(std::as_bytes(std::span{&obj, 1}));
}
template<typename Stream> inline void ser_writedata32(Stream &s, uint32_t obj)
{
    obj = htole32_internal(obj);
    s.write(std::as_bytes(std::span{&obj, 1}));
}
template<typename Stream> inline void ser_writedata32be(Stream &s, uint32_t obj)
{
    obj = htobe32_internal(obj);
    s.write(std::as_bytes(std::span{&obj, 1}));
}
template<typename Stream> inline void ser_writedata64(Stream &s, uint64_t obj)
{
    obj = htole64_internal(obj);
    s.write(std::as_bytes(std::span{&obj, 1}));
}
template<typename Stream> inline uint8_t ser_readdata8(Stream &s)
{
    uint8_t obj;
    s.read(std::as_writable_bytes(std::span{&obj, 1}));
    return obj;
}
template<typename Stream> inline uint16_t ser_readdata16(Stream &s)
{
    uint16_t obj;
    s.read(std::as_writable_bytes(std::span{&obj, 1}));
    return le16toh_internal(obj);
}
template<typename Stream> inline uint16_t ser_readdata16be(Stream &s)
{
    uint16_t obj;
    s.read(std::as_writable_bytes(std::span{&obj, 1}));
    return be16toh_internal(obj);
}
template<typename Stream> inline uint32_t ser_readdata32(Stream &s)
{
    uint32_t obj;
    s.read(std::as_writable_bytes(std::span{&obj, 1}));
    return le32toh_internal(obj);
}
template<typename Stream> inline uint32_t ser_readdata32be(Stream &s)
{
    uint32_t obj;
    s.read(std::as_writable_bytes(std::span{&obj, 1}));
    return be32toh_internal(obj);
}
template<typename Stream> inline uint64_t ser_readdata64(Stream &s)
{
    uint64_t obj;
    s.read(std::as_writable_bytes(std::span{&obj, 1}));
    return le64toh_internal(obj);
}
 
 
class SizeComputer;
 
template <class Out, class In>
Out& AsBase(In& x)
{
    static_assert(std::is_base_of_v<Out, In>);
    return x;
}
template <class Out, class In>
const Out& AsBase(const In& x)
{
    static_assert(std::is_base_of_v<Out, In>);
    return x;
}
 
#define READWRITE(...) (ser_action.SerReadWriteMany(s, __VA_ARGS__))
#define SER_READ(obj, code) ser_action.SerRead(s, obj, [&](Stream& s, std::remove_const_t<Type>& obj) { code; })
#define SER_WRITE(obj, code) ser_action.SerWrite(s, obj, [&](Stream& s, const Type& obj) { code; })
 
#define FORMATTER_METHODS(cls, obj) \
    template<typename Stream> \
    static void Ser(Stream& s, const cls& obj) { SerializationOps(obj, s, ActionSerialize{}); } \
    template<typename Stream> \
    static void Unser(Stream& s, cls& obj) { SerializationOps(obj, s, ActionUnserialize{}); } \
    template<typename Stream, typename Type, typename Operation> \
    static void SerializationOps(Type& obj, Stream& s, Operation ser_action)
 
#define SER_PARAMS(type) (s.template GetParams<type>())
 
#define BASE_SERIALIZE_METHODS(cls)                                                                 \
    template <typename Stream>                                                                      \
    void Serialize(Stream& s) const                                                                 \
    {                                                                                               \
        static_assert(std::is_same_v<const cls&, decltype(*this)>, "Serialize type mismatch");      \
        Ser(s, *this);                                                                              \
    }                                                                                               \
    template <typename Stream>                                                                      \
    void Unserialize(Stream& s)                                                                     \
    {                                                                                               \
        static_assert(std::is_same_v<cls&, decltype(*this)>, "Unserialize type mismatch");          \
        Unser(s, *this);                                                                            \
    }
 
#define SERIALIZE_METHODS(cls, obj) \
    BASE_SERIALIZE_METHODS(cls)     \
    FORMATTER_METHODS(cls, obj)
 
// Templates for serializing to anything that looks like a stream,
// i.e. anything that supports .read(std::span<std::byte>) and .write(std::span<const std::byte>)
//
 
// Typically int8_t and char are distinct types, but some systems may define int8_t
// in terms of char. Forbid serialization of char in the typical case, but allow it if
// it's the only way to describe an int8_t.
template<class T>
concept CharNotInt8 = std::same_as<T, char> && !std::same_as<T, int8_t>;
 
// clang-format off
template <typename Stream, CharNotInt8 V> void Serialize(Stream&, V) = delete; // char serialization forbidden. Use uint8_t or int8_t
template <typename Stream> void Serialize(Stream& s, std::byte a) { ser_writedata8(s, uint8_t(a)); }
template <typename Stream> void Serialize(Stream& s, int8_t a)    { ser_writedata8(s, uint8_t(a)); }
template <typename Stream> void Serialize(Stream& s, uint8_t a)   { ser_writedata8(s, a); }
template <typename Stream> void Serialize(Stream& s, int16_t a)   { ser_writedata16(s, uint16_t(a)); }
template <typename Stream> void Serialize(Stream& s, uint16_t a)  { ser_writedata16(s, a); }
template <typename Stream> void Serialize(Stream& s, int32_t a)   { ser_writedata32(s, uint32_t(a)); }
template <typename Stream> void Serialize(Stream& s, uint32_t a)  { ser_writedata32(s, a); }
template <typename Stream> void Serialize(Stream& s, int64_t a)   { ser_writedata64(s, uint64_t(a)); }
template <typename Stream> void Serialize(Stream& s, uint64_t a)  { ser_writedata64(s, a); }
 
template <typename Stream, BasicByte B, size_t N> void Serialize(Stream& s, const B (&a)[N])           { s.write(MakeByteSpan(a)); }
template <typename Stream, BasicByte B, size_t N> void Serialize(Stream& s, const std::array<B, N>& a) { s.write(MakeByteSpan(a)); }
template <typename Stream, BasicByte B, size_t N> void Serialize(Stream& s, std::span<B, N> span)      { s.write(std::as_bytes(span)); }
template <typename Stream, BasicByte B>           void Serialize(Stream& s, std::span<B> span)         { s.write(std::as_bytes(span)); }
 
template <typename Stream, CharNotInt8 V> void Unserialize(Stream&, V) = delete; // char serialization forbidden. Use uint8_t or int8_t
template <typename Stream> void Unserialize(Stream& s, std::byte& a) { a = std::byte(ser_readdata8(s)); }
template <typename Stream> void Unserialize(Stream& s, int8_t& a)    { a = int8_t(ser_readdata8(s)); }
template <typename Stream> void Unserialize(Stream& s, uint8_t& a)   { a = ser_readdata8(s); }
template <typename Stream> void Unserialize(Stream& s, int16_t& a)   { a = int16_t(ser_readdata16(s)); }
template <typename Stream> void Unserialize(Stream& s, uint16_t& a)  { a = ser_readdata16(s); }
template <typename Stream> void Unserialize(Stream& s, int32_t& a)   { a = int32_t(ser_readdata32(s)); }
template <typename Stream> void Unserialize(Stream& s, uint32_t& a)  { a = ser_readdata32(s); }
template <typename Stream> void Unserialize(Stream& s, int64_t& a)   { a = int64_t(ser_readdata64(s)); }
template <typename Stream> void Unserialize(Stream& s, uint64_t& a)  { a = ser_readdata64(s); }
 
template <typename Stream, BasicByte B, size_t N> void Unserialize(Stream& s, B (&a)[N])            { s.read(MakeWritableByteSpan(a)); }
template <typename Stream, BasicByte B, size_t N> void Unserialize(Stream& s, std::array<B, N>& a)  { s.read(MakeWritableByteSpan(a)); }
template <typename Stream, BasicByte B, size_t N> void Unserialize(Stream& s, std::span<B, N> span) { s.read(std::as_writable_bytes(span)); }
template <typename Stream, BasicByte B>           void Unserialize(Stream& s, std::span<B> span)    { s.read(std::as_writable_bytes(span)); }
 
template <typename Stream> void Serialize(Stream& s, bool a)    { uint8_t f = a; ser_writedata8(s, f); }
template <typename Stream> void Unserialize(Stream& s, bool& a) { uint8_t f = ser_readdata8(s); a = f; }
// clang-format on
 
 
constexpr inline unsigned int GetSizeOfCompactSize(uint64_t nSize)
{
    if (nSize < 253)             return sizeof(unsigned char);
    else if (nSize <= std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max()) return sizeof(unsigned char) + sizeof(uint16_t);
    else if (nSize <= std::numeric_limits<unsigned int>::max())  return sizeof(unsigned char) + sizeof(unsigned int);
    else                         return sizeof(unsigned char) + sizeof(uint64_t);
}
 
inline void WriteCompactSize(SizeComputer& os, uint64_t nSize);
 
template<typename Stream>
void WriteCompactSize(Stream& os, uint64_t nSize)
{
    if (nSize < 253)
    {
        ser_writedata8(os, nSize);
    }
    else if (nSize <= std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max())
    {
        ser_writedata8(os, 253);
        ser_writedata16(os, nSize);
    }
    else if (nSize <= std::numeric_limits<unsigned int>::max())
    {
        ser_writedata8(os, 254);
        ser_writedata32(os, nSize);
    }
    else
    {
        ser_writedata8(os, 255);
        ser_writedata64(os, nSize);
    }
    return;
}
 
template<typename Stream>
uint64_t ReadCompactSize(Stream& is, bool range_check = true)
{
    uint8_t chSize = ser_readdata8(is);
    uint64_t nSizeRet = 0;
    if (chSize < 253)
    {
        nSizeRet = chSize;
    }
    else if (chSize == 253)
    {
        nSizeRet = ser_readdata16(is);
        if (nSizeRet < 253)
            throw std::ios_base::failure("non-canonical ReadCompactSize()");
    }
    else if (chSize == 254)
    {
        nSizeRet = ser_readdata32(is);
        if (nSizeRet < 0x10000u)
            throw std::ios_base::failure("non-canonical ReadCompactSize()");
    }
    else
    {
        nSizeRet = ser_readdata64(is);
        if (nSizeRet < 0x100000000ULL)
            throw std::ios_base::failure("non-canonical ReadCompactSize()");
    }
    if (range_check && nSizeRet > MAX_SIZE) {
        throw std::ios_base::failure("ReadCompactSize(): size too large");
    }
    return nSizeRet;
}
 
enum class VarIntMode { DEFAULT, NONNEGATIVE_SIGNED };
 
template <VarIntMode Mode, typename I>
struct CheckVarIntMode {
    constexpr CheckVarIntMode()
    {
        static_assert(Mode != VarIntMode::DEFAULT || std::is_unsigned_v<I>, "Unsigned type required with mode DEFAULT.");
        static_assert(Mode != VarIntMode::NONNEGATIVE_SIGNED || std::is_signed_v<I>, "Signed type required with mode NONNEGATIVE_SIGNED.");
    }
};
 
template<VarIntMode Mode, typename I>
inline unsigned int GetSizeOfVarInt(I n)
{
    CheckVarIntMode<Mode, I>();
    int nRet = 0;
    while(true) {
        nRet++;
        if (n <= 0x7F)
            break;
        n = (n >> 7) - 1;
    }
    return nRet;
}
 
template<typename I>
inline void WriteVarInt(SizeComputer& os, I n);
 
template<typename Stream, VarIntMode Mode, typename I>
void WriteVarInt(Stream& os, I n)
{
    CheckVarIntMode<Mode, I>();
    unsigned char tmp[(sizeof(n)*8+6)/7];
    int len=0;
    while(true) {
        tmp[len] = (n & 0x7F) | (len ? 0x80 : 0x00);
        if (n <= 0x7F)
            break;
        n = (n >> 7) - 1;
        len++;
    }
    do {
        ser_writedata8(os, tmp[len]);
    } while(len--);
}
 
template<typename Stream, VarIntMode Mode, typename I>
I ReadVarInt(Stream& is)
{
    CheckVarIntMode<Mode, I>();
    I n = 0;
    while(true) {
        unsigned char chData = ser_readdata8(is);
        if (n > (std::numeric_limits<I>::max() >> 7)) {
           throw std::ios_base::failure("ReadVarInt(): size too large");
        }
        n = (n << 7) | (chData & 0x7F);
        if (chData & 0x80) {
            if (n == std::numeric_limits<I>::max()) {
                throw std::ios_base::failure("ReadVarInt(): size too large");
            }
            n++;
        } else {
            return n;
        }
    }
}
 
template<typename Formatter, typename T>
class Wrapper
{
    static_assert(std::is_lvalue_reference_v<T>, "Wrapper needs an lvalue reference type T");
protected:
    T m_object;
public:
    explicit Wrapper(T obj) : m_object(obj) {}
    template<typename Stream> void Serialize(Stream &s) const { Formatter().Ser(s, m_object); }
    template<typename Stream> void Unserialize(Stream &s) { Formatter().Unser(s, m_object); }
};
 
template<typename Formatter, typename T>
static inline Wrapper<Formatter, T&> Using(T&& t) { return Wrapper<Formatter, T&>(t); }
 
#define VARINT_MODE(obj, mode) Using<VarIntFormatter<mode>>(obj)
#define VARINT(obj) Using<VarIntFormatter<VarIntMode::DEFAULT>>(obj)
#define COMPACTSIZE(obj) Using<CompactSizeFormatter<true>>(obj)
#define LIMITED_STRING(obj,n) Using<LimitedStringFormatter<n>>(obj)
 
template<VarIntMode Mode>
struct VarIntFormatter
{
    template<typename Stream, typename I> void Ser(Stream &s, I v)
    {
        WriteVarInt<Stream,Mode, std::remove_cv_t<I>>(s, v);
    }
 
    template<typename Stream, typename I> void Unser(Stream& s, I& v)
    {
        v = ReadVarInt<Stream,Mode, std::remove_cv_t<I>>(s);
    }
};
 
template<int Bytes, bool BigEndian = false>
struct CustomUintFormatter
{
    static_assert(Bytes > 0 && Bytes <= 8, "CustomUintFormatter Bytes out of range");
    static constexpr uint64_t MAX = 0xffffffffffffffff >> (8 * (8 - Bytes));
 
    template <typename Stream, typename I> void Ser(Stream& s, I v)
    {
        if (v < 0 || v > MAX) throw std::ios_base::failure("CustomUintFormatter value out of range");
        if (BigEndian) {
            uint64_t raw = htobe64_internal(v);
            s.write(std::as_bytes(std::span{&raw, 1}).last(Bytes));
        } else {
            uint64_t raw = htole64_internal(v);
            s.write(std::as_bytes(std::span{&raw, 1}).first(Bytes));
        }
    }
 
    template <typename Stream, typename I> void Unser(Stream& s, I& v)
    {
        using U = typename std::conditional_t<std::is_enum_v<I>, std::underlying_type<I>, std::common_type<I>>::type;
        static_assert(std::numeric_limits<U>::max() >= MAX && std::numeric_limits<U>::min() <= 0, "Assigned type too small");
        uint64_t raw = 0;
        if (BigEndian) {
            s.read(std::as_writable_bytes(std::span{&raw, 1}).last(Bytes));
            v = static_cast<I>(be64toh_internal(raw));
        } else {
            s.read(std::as_writable_bytes(std::span{&raw, 1}).first(Bytes));
            v = static_cast<I>(le64toh_internal(raw));
        }
    }
};
 
template<int Bytes> using BigEndianFormatter = CustomUintFormatter<Bytes, true>;
 
template<bool RangeCheck>
struct CompactSizeFormatter
{
    template<typename Stream, typename I>
    void Unser(Stream& s, I& v)
    {
        uint64_t n = ReadCompactSize<Stream>(s, RangeCheck);
        if (n < std::numeric_limits<I>::min() || n > std::numeric_limits<I>::max()) {
            throw std::ios_base::failure("CompactSize exceeds limit of type");
        }
        v = n;
    }
 
    template<typename Stream, typename I>
    void Ser(Stream& s, I v)
    {
        static_assert(std::is_unsigned_v<I>, "CompactSize only supported for unsigned integers");
        static_assert(std::numeric_limits<I>::max() <= std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), "CompactSize only supports 64-bit integers and below");
 
        WriteCompactSize<Stream>(s, v);
    }
};
 
template <typename U, bool LOSSY = false>
struct ChronoFormatter {
    template <typename Stream, typename Tp>
    void Unser(Stream& s, Tp& tp)
    {
        U u;
        s >> u;
        // Lossy deserialization does not make sense, so force Wnarrowing
        tp = Tp{typename Tp::duration{typename Tp::duration::rep{u}}};
    }
    template <typename Stream, typename Tp>
    void Ser(Stream& s, Tp tp)
    {
        if constexpr (LOSSY) {
            s << U(tp.time_since_epoch().count());
        } else {
            s << U{tp.time_since_epoch().count()};
        }
    }
};
template <typename U>
using LossyChronoFormatter = ChronoFormatter<U, true>;
 
class CompactSizeWriter
{
protected:
    uint64_t n;
public:
    explicit CompactSizeWriter(uint64_t n_in) : n(n_in) { }
 
    template<typename Stream>
    void Serialize(Stream &s) const {
        WriteCompactSize<Stream>(s, n);
    }
};
 
template<size_t Limit>
struct LimitedStringFormatter
{
    template<typename Stream>
    void Unser(Stream& s, std::string& v)
    {
        size_t size = ReadCompactSize(s);
        if (size > Limit) {
            throw std::ios_base::failure("String length limit exceeded");
        }
        v.resize(size);
        if (size != 0) s.read(MakeWritableByteSpan(v));
    }
 
    template<typename Stream>
    void Ser(Stream& s, const std::string& v)
    {
        s << v;
    }
};
 
template<class Formatter>
struct VectorFormatter
{
    template<typename Stream, typename V>
    void Ser(Stream& s, const V& v)
    {
        Formatter formatter;
        WriteCompactSize(s, v.size());
        for (const typename V::value_type& elem : v) {
            formatter.Ser(s, elem);
        }
    }
 
    template<typename Stream, typename V>
    void Unser(Stream& s, V& v)
    {
        Formatter formatter;
        v.clear();
        size_t size = ReadCompactSize(s);
        size_t allocated = 0;
        while (allocated < size) {
            // For DoS prevention, do not blindly allocate as much as the stream claims to contain.
            // Instead, allocate in 5MiB batches, so that an attacker actually needs to provide
            // X MiB of data to make us allocate X+5 Mib.
            static_assert(sizeof(typename V::value_type) <= MAX_VECTOR_ALLOCATE, "Vector element size too large");
            allocated = std::min(size, allocated + MAX_VECTOR_ALLOCATE / sizeof(typename V::value_type));
            v.reserve(allocated);
            while (v.size() < allocated) {
                v.emplace_back();
                formatter.Unser(s, v.back());
            }
        }
    };
};
 
template<typename Stream, typename C> void Serialize(Stream& os, const std::basic_string<C>& str);
template<typename Stream, typename C> void Unserialize(Stream& is, std::basic_string<C>& str);
 
template<typename Stream, unsigned int N, typename T> inline void Serialize(Stream& os, const prevector<N, T>& v);
template<typename Stream, unsigned int N, typename T> inline void Unserialize(Stream& is, prevector<N, T>& v);
 
template<typename Stream, typename T, typename A> inline void Serialize(Stream& os, const std::vector<T, A>& v);
template<typename Stream, typename T, typename A> inline void Unserialize(Stream& is, std::vector<T, A>& v);
 
template<typename Stream, typename K, typename T> void Serialize(Stream& os, const std::pair<K, T>& item);
template<typename Stream, typename K, typename T> void Unserialize(Stream& is, std::pair<K, T>& item);
 
template<typename Stream, typename K, typename T, typename Pred, typename A> void Serialize(Stream& os, const std::map<K, T, Pred, A>& m);
template<typename Stream, typename K, typename T, typename Pred, typename A> void Unserialize(Stream& is, std::map<K, T, Pred, A>& m);
 
template<typename Stream, typename K, typename Pred, typename A> void Serialize(Stream& os, const std::set<K, Pred, A>& m);
template<typename Stream, typename K, typename Pred, typename A> void Unserialize(Stream& is, std::set<K, Pred, A>& m);
 
template<typename Stream, typename T> void Serialize(Stream& os, const std::shared_ptr<const T>& p);
template<typename Stream, typename T> void Unserialize(Stream& os, std::shared_ptr<const T>& p);
 
template<typename Stream, typename T> void Serialize(Stream& os, const std::unique_ptr<const T>& p);
template<typename Stream, typename T> void Unserialize(Stream& os, std::unique_ptr<const T>& p);
 
 
template <class T, class Stream>
concept Serializable = requires(T a, Stream s) { a.Serialize(s); };
template <typename Stream, typename T>
    requires Serializable<T, Stream>
void Serialize(Stream& os, const T& a)
{
    a.Serialize(os);
}
 
template <class T, class Stream>
concept Unserializable = requires(T a, Stream s) { a.Unserialize(s); };
template <typename Stream, typename T>
    requires Unserializable<T, Stream>
void Unserialize(Stream& is, T&& a)
{
    a.Unserialize(is);
}
 
struct DefaultFormatter
{
    template<typename Stream, typename T>
    static void Ser(Stream& s, const T& t) { Serialize(s, t); }
 
    template<typename Stream, typename T>
    static void Unser(Stream& s, T& t) { Unserialize(s, t); }
};
 
 
 
 
 
template<typename Stream, typename C>
void Serialize(Stream& os, const std::basic_string<C>& str)
{
    WriteCompactSize(os, str.size());
    if (!str.empty())
        os.write(MakeByteSpan(str));
}
 
template<typename Stream, typename C>
void Unserialize(Stream& is, std::basic_string<C>& str)
{
    unsigned int nSize = ReadCompactSize(is);
    str.resize(nSize);
    if (nSize != 0)
        is.read(MakeWritableByteSpan(str));
}
 
 
 
template <typename Stream, unsigned int N, typename T>
void Serialize(Stream& os, const prevector<N, T>& v)
{
    if constexpr (BasicByte<T>) { // Use optimized version for unformatted basic bytes
        WriteCompactSize(os, v.size());
        if (!v.empty()) os.write(MakeByteSpan(v));
    } else {
        Serialize(os, Using<VectorFormatter<DefaultFormatter>>(v));
    }
}
 
 
template <typename Stream, unsigned int N, typename T>
void Unserialize(Stream& is, prevector<N, T>& v)
{
    if constexpr (BasicByte<T>) { // Use optimized version for unformatted basic bytes
        // Limit size per read so bogus size value won't cause out of memory
        v.clear();
        unsigned int nSize = ReadCompactSize(is);
        unsigned int i = 0;
        while (i < nSize) {
            unsigned int blk = std::min(nSize - i, (unsigned int)(1 + 4999999 / sizeof(T)));
            v.resize_uninitialized(i + blk);
            is.read(std::as_writable_bytes(std::span{&v[i], blk}));
            i += blk;
        }
    } else {
        Unserialize(is, Using<VectorFormatter<DefaultFormatter>>(v));
    }
}
 
 
template <typename Stream, typename T, typename A>
void Serialize(Stream& os, const std::vector<T, A>& v)
{
    if constexpr (BasicByte<T>) { // Use optimized version for unformatted basic bytes
        WriteCompactSize(os, v.size());
        if (!v.empty()) os.write(MakeByteSpan(v));
    } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, bool>) {
        // A special case for std::vector<bool>, as dereferencing
        // std::vector<bool>::const_iterator does not result in a const bool&
        // due to std::vector's special casing for bool arguments.
        WriteCompactSize(os, v.size());
        for (bool elem : v) {
            ::Serialize(os, elem);
        }
    } else {
        Serialize(os, Using<VectorFormatter<DefaultFormatter>>(v));
    }
}
 
 
template <typename Stream, typename T, typename A>
void Unserialize(Stream& is, std::vector<T, A>& v)
{
    if constexpr (BasicByte<T>) { // Use optimized version for unformatted basic bytes
        // Limit size per read so bogus size value won't cause out of memory
        v.clear();
        unsigned int nSize = ReadCompactSize(is);
        unsigned int i = 0;
        while (i < nSize) {
            unsigned int blk = std::min(nSize - i, (unsigned int)(1 + 4999999 / sizeof(T)));
            v.resize(i + blk);
            is.read(std::as_writable_bytes(std::span{&v[i], blk}));
            i += blk;
        }
    } else {
        Unserialize(is, Using<VectorFormatter<DefaultFormatter>>(v));
    }
}
 
 
template<typename Stream, typename K, typename T>
void Serialize(Stream& os, const std::pair<K, T>& item)
{
    Serialize(os, item.first);
    Serialize(os, item.second);
}
 
template<typename Stream, typename K, typename T>
void Unserialize(Stream& is, std::pair<K, T>& item)
{
    Unserialize(is, item.first);
    Unserialize(is, item.second);
}
 
 
 
template<typename Stream, typename K, typename T, typename Pred, typename A>
void Serialize(Stream& os, const std::map<K, T, Pred, A>& m)
{
    WriteCompactSize(os, m.size());
    for (const auto& entry : m)
        Serialize(os, entry);
}
 
template<typename Stream, typename K, typename T, typename Pred, typename A>
void Unserialize(Stream& is, std::map<K, T, Pred, A>& m)
{
    m.clear();
    unsigned int nSize = ReadCompactSize(is);
    typename std::map<K, T, Pred, A>::iterator mi = m.begin();
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < nSize; i++)
    {
        std::pair<K, T> item;
        Unserialize(is, item);
        mi = m.insert(mi, item);
    }
}
 
 
 
template<typename Stream, typename K, typename Pred, typename A>
void Serialize(Stream& os, const std::set<K, Pred, A>& m)
{
    WriteCompactSize(os, m.size());
    for (typename std::set<K, Pred, A>::const_iterator it = m.begin(); it != m.end(); ++it)
        Serialize(os, (*it));
}
 
template<typename Stream, typename K, typename Pred, typename A>
void Unserialize(Stream& is, std::set<K, Pred, A>& m)
{
    m.clear();
    unsigned int nSize = ReadCompactSize(is);
    typename std::set<K, Pred, A>::iterator it = m.begin();
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < nSize; i++)
    {
        K key;
        Unserialize(is, key);
        it = m.insert(it, key);
    }
}
 
 
 
template<typename Stream, typename T> void
Serialize(Stream& os, const std::unique_ptr<const T>& p)
{
    Serialize(os, *p);
}
 
template<typename Stream, typename T>
void Unserialize(Stream& is, std::unique_ptr<const T>& p)
{
    p.reset(new T(deserialize, is));
}
 
 
 
template<typename Stream, typename T> void
Serialize(Stream& os, const std::shared_ptr<const T>& p)
{
    Serialize(os, *p);
}
 
template<typename Stream, typename T>
void Unserialize(Stream& is, std::shared_ptr<const T>& p)
{
    p = std::make_shared<const T>(deserialize, is);
}
 
template <typename Stream, typename... Args>
void SerializeMany(Stream& s, const Args&... args)
{
    (::Serialize(s, args), ...);
}
 
template <typename Stream, typename... Args>
inline void UnserializeMany(Stream& s, Args&&... args)
{
    (::Unserialize(s, args), ...);
}
 
struct ActionSerialize {
    static constexpr bool ForRead() { return false; }
 
    template<typename Stream, typename... Args>
    static void SerReadWriteMany(Stream& s, const Args&... args)
    {
        ::SerializeMany(s, args...);
    }
 
    template<typename Stream, typename Type, typename Fn>
    static void SerRead(Stream& s, Type&&, Fn&&)
    {
    }
 
    template<typename Stream, typename Type, typename Fn>
    static void SerWrite(Stream& s, Type&& obj, Fn&& fn)
    {
        fn(s, std::forward<Type>(obj));
    }
};
struct ActionUnserialize {
    static constexpr bool ForRead() { return true; }
 
    template<typename Stream, typename... Args>
    static void SerReadWriteMany(Stream& s, Args&&... args)
    {
        ::UnserializeMany(s, args...);
    }
 
    template<typename Stream, typename Type, typename Fn>
    static void SerRead(Stream& s, Type&& obj, Fn&& fn)
    {
        fn(s, std::forward<Type>(obj));
    }
 
    template<typename Stream, typename Type, typename Fn>
    static void SerWrite(Stream& s, Type&&, Fn&&)
    {
    }
};
 
/* ::GetSerializeSize implementations
 *
 * Computing the serialized size of objects is done through a special stream
 * object of type SizeComputer, which only records the number of bytes written
 * to it.
 *
 * If your Serialize or SerializationOp method has non-trivial overhead for
 * serialization, it may be worthwhile to implement a specialized version for
 * SizeComputer, which uses the s.seek() method to record bytes that would
 * be written instead.
 */
class SizeComputer
{
protected:
    size_t nSize{0};
 
public:
    SizeComputer() = default;
 
    void write(std::span<const std::byte> src)
    {
        this->nSize += src.size();
    }
 
    void seek(size_t _nSize)
    {
        this->nSize += _nSize;
    }
 
    template<typename T>
    SizeComputer& operator<<(const T& obj)
    {
        ::Serialize(*this, obj);
        return (*this);
    }
 
    size_t size() const {
        return nSize;
    }
};
 
template<typename I>
inline void WriteVarInt(SizeComputer &s, I n)
{
    s.seek(GetSizeOfVarInt<I>(n));
}
 
inline void WriteCompactSize(SizeComputer &s, uint64_t nSize)
{
    s.seek(GetSizeOfCompactSize(nSize));
}
 
template <typename T>
size_t GetSerializeSize(const T& t)
{
    return (SizeComputer() << t).size();
}
 
template<typename T>
concept ContainsStream = requires(T t) { t.GetStream(); };
 
template <typename SubStream, typename Params>
class ParamsStream
{
    const Params& m_params;
    // If ParamsStream constructor is passed an lvalue argument, Substream will
    // be a reference type, and m_substream will reference that argument.
    // Otherwise m_substream will be a substream instance and move from the
    // argument. Letting ParamsStream contain a substream instance instead of
    // just a reference is useful to make the ParamsStream object self contained
    // and let it do cleanup when destroyed, for example by closing files if
    // SubStream is a file stream.
    SubStream m_substream;
 
public:
    ParamsStream(SubStream&& substream, const Params& params LIFETIMEBOUND) : m_params{params}, m_substream{std::forward<SubStream>(substream)} {}
 
    template <typename NestedSubstream, typename Params1, typename Params2, typename... NestedParams>
    ParamsStream(NestedSubstream&& s, const Params1& params1 LIFETIMEBOUND, const Params2& params2 LIFETIMEBOUND, const NestedParams&... params LIFETIMEBOUND)
        : ParamsStream{::ParamsStream{std::forward<NestedSubstream>(s), params2, params...}, params1} {}
 
    template <typename U> ParamsStream& operator<<(const U& obj) { ::Serialize(*this, obj); return *this; }
    template <typename U> ParamsStream& operator>>(U&& obj) { ::Unserialize(*this, obj); return *this; }
    void write(std::span<const std::byte> src) { GetStream().write(src); }
    void read(std::span<std::byte> dst) { GetStream().read(dst); }
    void ignore(size_t num) { GetStream().ignore(num); }
    bool eof() const { return GetStream().eof(); }
    size_t size() const { return GetStream().size(); }
 
    template <typename P>
    const auto& GetParams() const
    {
        if constexpr (std::is_convertible_v<Params, P>) {
            return m_params;
        } else {
            return m_substream.template GetParams<P>();
        }
    }
 
    auto& GetStream()
    {
        if constexpr (ContainsStream<SubStream>) {
            return m_substream.GetStream();
        } else {
            return m_substream;
        }
    }
    const auto& GetStream() const
    {
        if constexpr (ContainsStream<SubStream>) {
            return m_substream.GetStream();
        } else {
            return m_substream;
        }
    }
};
 
template <typename Substream, typename Params>
ParamsStream(Substream&&, const Params&) -> ParamsStream<Substream, Params>;
 
template <typename Substream, typename Params1, typename Params2, typename... Params>
ParamsStream(Substream&& s, const Params1& params1, const Params2& params2, const Params&... params) ->
    ParamsStream<decltype(ParamsStream{std::forward<Substream>(s), params2, params...}), Params1>;
 
template <typename Params, typename T>
class ParamsWrapper
{
    const Params& m_params;
    T& m_object;
 
public:
    explicit ParamsWrapper(const Params& params, T& obj) : m_params{params}, m_object{obj} {}
 
    template <typename Stream>
    void Serialize(Stream& s) const
    {
        ParamsStream ss{s, m_params};
        ::Serialize(ss, m_object);
    }
    template <typename Stream>
    void Unserialize(Stream& s)
    {
        ParamsStream ss{s, m_params};
        ::Unserialize(ss, m_object);
    }
};
 
#define SER_PARAMS_OPFUNC                                                                \
                                                                                  \
    template <typename T>                                                                \
    auto operator()(T&& t) const                                                         \
    {                                                                                    \
        return ParamsWrapper{*this, t};                                                  \
    }
 
#endif // BITCOIN_SERIALIZE_H